ITALY: The 2023 UN Food Systems Stocktaking Moment will serve as the first global follow-up to the 2021 Food Systems Summit, where individuals and countries committed to accelerate and deepen the transformative power of food systems, for the full realization of all 17 SDGs. The high-level meeting aims to provide opportunities for countries to report on progress made at the national level and on their contributions to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development – despite a current global context that has substantially changed.

In his Chair Summary and Statement of Action on the UN Food Systems Summit, the UN Secretary-General committed to convene a global stocktaking meeting every two years to review progress in implementing the outcomes of this process and its contributions to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda. This first stocktaking will be hosted by Italy, in collaboration with the Rome-based UN Agencies – the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and World Food Programme (WFP), as well as the UN Food Systems Coordination Hub and the wider UN system.

The 2023 UN Food Systems Stocktaking Moment will build on the momentum of the 2021 Food Systems Summit and will create a conducive space for countries to review commitments to action that were made during the Summit, share stories of success and early signs of transformation, maintain the momentum for bold acceleration and bold action to further the resilience of food systems, advocate for their adaptation to climate change, ensure they contribute to communities’ resilience to further shocks and crises, and boost the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The Stocktaking Moment will take place in Rome, Italy from 24 – 26 July 2023, at the premises of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). It will be hosted by Italy, in collaboration with the Rome-based UN Agencies (FAO, IFAD, WFP), the UN Food Systems Coordination Hub and the wider UN system.

URL: https://www.unfoodsystemshub.org/fs-stocktaking-moment/en

Pakistan: Since the inception of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1), the scope of the blue economy has expanded enormously.  Earlier, the main focus was on socio-economic development, but the idea of the blue economy is transforming and incorporating all the economic activities that are directly or indirectly linked with the oceans.

Moreover, the “blue economy” concept seeks to promote economic growth, social inclusion, and the preservation or improvement of livelihoods while at the same time ensuring the environmental sustainability of the oceans and coastal areas (World Bank, 2017).

The blue economy is one of the sources of wealth and links economies with the world through the sea and oceans. It plays a central part in the global economy. If we compare the blue economy with the national economy, it is the seventh-largest economy globally (Yokova et al., 2021). Graana.com in collaboration with the Iqbal Institute of Policy Studies discusses pathways to a sustainable blue economy in Pakistan.

Blue Economy in the UN SDGs

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 14 covers all the aspects of life below water. It is about protecting and sustainably using seas, oceans, and marine resources.

The UN report has revealed the degradation caused to the blue resources due to irrational policies and the growing human population. Approximately 30% of the marine habitat has been destroyed, and 30% of the fish stock is over-exploited. Marine pollution has increased multi folds; each minute, 15 tons of plastic are released into the oceans. 20% of all coral reefs have been destroyed irreversibly, and another 24% are at immediate risk of collapse.

Around 1 million sea birds and 100,000 marine mammals are harmed or die annually due to ocean pollution. Oil and gas consumption was 20% in 1980, which increased to 30% in 2014 from the ocean floor (United Nations 2015)

Globally, coastal water is deteriorating due to pollution and coastal eutrophication (overflow of nutrients in water), which in turn is decreasing marine biodiversity and species. The declining health of the oceans has an adverse effect on people, their earnings, and entire economies. However, coastal populations entirely relying on ocean resources are the most affected.

Blue Economy in Pakistan

Pakistan is blessed with the blue natural resource, and its coastal area comprises 1,050 km, including the continental shelf. The country has extended its coastline, harbors, marine resources, and sea trade to develop the maritime sector. The country has extended the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the UNCLOS-approved sea zone. The country is estimated to have the sixth-largest mangrove area compared to the world.

The blue economy is contributing around US $ 1 billion or 0.4% to the GDP of Pakistan. Maritime tourism contributes approximately US$300 million (0.1% of GDP). However, it has huge potential for international and domestic tourism. Its revenue projection is $183 million, indicating that the country’s blue economy is far behind neighboring countries, i.e., India (US$ 5.6 billion) and Bangladesh (US$6 billion).

The seafood earning is only $450 million (0.2% of GDP) (Ejaz, 2021). As per Environmental Protection Index 2022, out of 180 countries, Pakistan stands at 142. The blue economy can potentially reduce the country’s poverty rate. still, it is facing various challenges, such as fragmented government, lagging technology, poor control of quality, lack of innovation, degradation of mangrove forests, lack of spatial zoning, and marine pollution.

Coastal and Marine Tourism

The overall tourism industry of Pakistan is underdeveloped in comparison with regional countries. The main reasons it became underdeveloped are poor connectivity, tourism infrastructure, and a weak security environment. The countries with the highest tourist revenue have large coastal areas and outstanding infrastructure facilities. Thailand earned 3.4% of its GDP through international tourism, and countries like Sri Lanka have 1.2% of their GDP through tourism.

Pakistan, in comparison, earns 0.25% of its GDP, making it one of the most underdeveloped markets for international tourism (Ali et al., 2022). It was estimated that counties should earn around US$ 300 million from coastal tourism. The Pakistan blue economy has the potential to earn revenue.

As per the Maritime Study Forum, US $ 5 billion can be generated from the improving infrastructure of coastal areas. The country should learn from the experience of India; its Kerala state introduced a tourism policy in 2012 with a focus on developing a distinct geography of 600 km of coastline and 1,500 km of backwater with a national wildlife park (Naureen, 2020).

Challenges of Blue Economy and Sustainable Development

• The spill of tonnes of untreated waste into the water increases marine pollution.
• Lagging behind marine technology, research, and education.
• Fishing and cargo companies are using outdated methods for fishing and shipping.
• Excessive and unregulated fishing.
• Use of illegal nets and lack of fish processing techniques.
• The Gawadar port has the ability to offload cargo material of around 7,000 million tonnes annually, but all these features go in vain due to the absence of modern technology.
• Lack of funding and financing, lack of incentives to the private sector, poor trade capacity,
• Pervasive unawareness, deficient educational and training capacities.
• Non-availability of research, innovation, and policy-based solutions.

Policy Recommendations

• A robust institutional framework is needed that collects accurate data to make informed decisions.
• There is a need for spatial planning for the marine and coastal economy. An expert group should be selected to set clear goals and targets for spatial planning. The body will also be responsible for integrating various sectors of the blue economy.
• Government should take some effective measures to increase revenue from the fishery sector as the price of fish is low in Pakistan as compared to other countries of the region.
• The use of an efficient satellite system for the regulation and management of fisheries is required.
• Government should encourage private and public partnerships.
• An inclusive financing facility is required to incentivize communities associated with fisheries by providing interest-free loans through micro-finance.
• Special Maritime Industrial Zones are needed to be developed with the installation of the latest digital technologies.
• Integrated planning is needed to establish a network of researchers, industry stakeholders, government personnel, and media.
• Technology enhancement is required to upgrade exploration and deep-sea mining.

Source: https://propakistani.pk/2023/04/11/pathways-to-sustainable-blue-economy-of-pakistan-policy-brief/

EUROPEAN UNION: The European Union made public four ambitious proposals for the next Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) session taking place from 8 to 12 May 2023. The objective is to improve the conservation of tuna and the management of fisheries. According to the IOTC Scientific Committee, the current situation of the stock and level of fishing in the Indian Ocean are not sustainable. Along with the new proposals, the EU has tabled an objection to the IOTC Resolution 23/02 on the management of drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs).

At the next IOTC annual session, the EU will promote the adoption of the following proposals:

A multiannual plan for the management of tropical tunas, to improve the management of the three tropical tuna stocks (yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna and skipjack tuna). The IOTC Scientific Committee considers that the current situation of the stock and level of fishing in the Indian Ocean are not sustainable. This multi-species plan would last for 3 years and would bring down the level of catches in line with the scientific advice. Multi-species plans have been successfully adopted and implemented by other regional fisheries management organisations (RFMO) but this would be the first time in the IOTC. The EU proposes a proportional catch reduction taking into account both the current level of catches for each IOTC member and their development status to ensure that developing countries are treated fairly.

A scheme for the boarding and inspection of vessels in the high seas. Ensuring the inspection of fishing vessels in the high seas is one of the most important and efficient tools to ensure compliance with the IOTC rules and, more importantly, to fight Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities. IUU fishing is the largest threat to the sustainable management of fisheries and of the marine ecosystem. The EU hopes to build on the initial discussion started in 2022 where most of the Members of the IOTC expressed their support for the proposal.

An update of the rules of the IOTC Compliance Committee to improve the compliance process, to make sure that fishing activities are conducted in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and conservation measures. The Compliance Committee is the body that monitors the implementation of the existing rules and obligations by IOTC Members. Compliance has been a weak point of the IOTC and this proposal will identify and address the areas of non-compliance. It will also support developing coastal countries to better monitor their fleets, ports and water under their jurisdiction.

A new resolution for the management of drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) to replace Resolution 23/02, adopted in the February special session of IOTC. The EU's objective is to improve the obligations that are technically difficult to implement, to clarify unclear provisions, and to align the text to the scientific advice. The proposal addresses all the relevant aspects of the FAD fishery from marking, to tackling plastic pollution to limiting the number of FADs while also improving the most challenging provisions from Resolution 23/02 to ensure its effective implementation.

Source: Comisión Europea